Please use format method of DateTime class to print day of week and day of month. Please see the below example which printing day of week and month to the debug log-
DateTime currentDateTime = System.now();
system.debug(currentDateTime); //prints 2022-11-24 12:49:19
String dayOfweek = currentDateTime.format('u');
system.debug(dayOfweek); //prints 4 (4 is for thursday)
String dayOfmonth = currentDateTime.format('d');
system.debug(dayOfmonth); //prints 24